Use Needles to Identify Coniferous Trees

Ethical Leadership Debate - 1654 Words

Reflective Statement Seminar Four: Ethical Leadership Debate Guiding Reflective Question | Student Reflection | What was the definition of ‘ethical leadership’ adopted by the participants in the debate?What is the role of the directors as envisaged by Codes of Corporate Governance and wider society?Are these expectations consistent with the ideas of ethical leadership? | The four characters, Mike, Jan, Mei-Hua and Deshi were portrayed as individuals with starkly differing views on ethical leadership. Mike believes that strong influence of ethical leaders in organizations will shape people within. Meanwhile, Jan’s idea of ethical leadership involves her employees taking up of social responsibility which she believes will be able to†¦show more content†¦| In a shareholder company, the main conflict lies in the needs of the stakeholders, both internal and external, and the survival of the business itself (Jones et al. 2007). This could be commonly seen in 1) monetary terms, wher e employees expectations of wages are in conflict with profit maximization 2) environmental terms, when the needs of increased producing might directly increase pollution or indirectly stress the environment by depleting resources unsustainably and 3) supplier-consumer terms, where consumer demands for lower prices while suppliers strive to obtain better prices for services and goods they provide (Goodpaster 1991). Ethical leadership ensures that decisions are made only after considering the interests of all involved parties. It will discourage the influence of external pressures and self-interest from manifesting top managers and, in turn, satisfy the stakeholders by addressing their concerns (Goodpaster 1991). Hence, it could be argued that ethical leadership encourages empathy, which aids shareholder companies to reach a common understanding. Although this will not effectively remove the tensions permanently, it will however reduce it to manageable levels, ultimately ensuring the survival of the business. | What are the challenges in really delivering ethical leadership and how much of this is caused by the profit maximisation that underlies shareholder focus? | In my opinion, the identification andShow MoreRelatedEthical Leadership in the Universal Business World659 Words   |  3 Pagesunethical person with a good reputation or an ethical person with a reputation for injustice. Ethical leadership has long been a debate in regards to its importance and place in the universal business world. Hard wired leaders are usually very set in their ways whether those ways are ethical or not. Leaders are hard wired in terms of their morals, and ethical value and cannot change otherwise. 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Is it feasible to expect the same standards to apply in certain countries where an economical imbalance between what is possible and what is not can be the largest hurdle to overcome? These are key issues examined in the New England Journal of Medicine by author Marcia Angell, M.D., and co-authors Harold Varmus, M.D. and David Satcher, M.D. in their respective articles that consider the ethical standards thatRead MoreThe Concept of Ethical Obligations1538 Words   |  6 PagesThe Concept of Ethical Obligations The Central Intelligence Agency The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) is a civilian intellect agency. It is an execution of the government of the United States of America. More so, CIA is an executive organization that directly reports to the DNI (Director of Nation Intelligence) (White, 2008). Of note is that the agency is tasked with offering national security intellect evaluation to senior policy makers of the United States. It must be noted that intelligenceRead MoreAlahmad and Murphy on Business Ethics Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle on To Be Ethical or Not to Be: An International Code of Ethics for Leadership and Patrick Murphy’s 2009 article on The Relevance of Responsibility to Ethical Business Decisions. Some key findings of Alahmad’s writings were that ethics and leadership were closely tied together; they were found to be derivatives of one another. He mentioned that ethics is an individual thought process of making good or poor decisions. Alahmad described an international code of leadership that was heavilyRead MoreThe Ethics of Leadership1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Leadership David Draper Ashford University BUS 610- Organizational Behavior Dr. Gary Shelton March 18, 2013 ABSTRACT The paper explores the leadership of Robert Nardelli at home depot during the years of 2000 through 2006. 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The Grand Budapest Hotel Free Essays

Wes Andersons colourful and cartoonish style film The Grand Budapest Hotel, was visually captivating and quickly engrossed the viewer in a fairy tale style setting unlike many others. Originally I was skeptical about watching this film as I failed to do so the first time around. That doubt quickly faded once I took the time to truly analyze it, and realize the wonderful art that was captured in his work. We will write a custom essay sample on The Grand Budapest Hotel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pastel hues ranging from pinks to blues painted the film in an otherworldly setting that immediately grabbed the viewers attention. Not only were the colours visually satisfying but their ability to change the atmosphere and tone of each scene was extremely well executed. From the elegant purples used in the hotel outfits to display the establishments ritziness, to the eerily dark outfits worn by the antagonists whos minds were corrupted by greed, every moment was greatly influenced by the colour theme chosen and guided the viewers emotions consistently throughout. The environments in which the characters lived were vibrant and never clashed with the outfits but rather contrasted wonderfully. Every aspect of the film had a part and was never outweighed by another, this shows the great attention to detail that Anderson flawlessly executed. Another aspect of the movie that stood out was the film style. Many techniques were used throughout the film to achieve the comedic, cartoon style that is quite unique to Andersons work. Flattened visuals created the feeling as if everything from the foreground to the background was pressed together into a two dimensional picture. That aspect along with the characters rapid dialogue and the eccentric settings in which they lived, created a Fascinating world that one would wish to visit. Anderson also used three different aspect ratios to convey the different time periods in the film. Those included the thirties, the sixties, and the eighties. Seeing as â€Å"Aspect ratios for U.S. films rarely change† (Chiu, 1) it was fascinating to see someone go against the norm and try incorporate three different aspects to differentiate between the times in the movie. Though they are subtle, they can change the tone of a scene and display the characters in a different light that is more unconventional to other directors. The beautiful cinematography in this film is testament to Andersons ability to create a wonderfully rich and unparalleled film. Unlike many films in this day and age that seem to repeat the same process as the last, this film definitely stands out. How to cite The Grand Budapest Hotel, Papers

Parts of a Newspaper Essay Example For Students

Parts of a Newspaper Essay Business tells you the things that are happening business-wise. (media and advertising, world business, economy, stock markets, mutual funds, etc. L. Technology contains things that are going in and out of style in the technology world. J. Science contains things that are happening in medical world. (e. G. Outer space, environment, etc. ) K. Health talks about modern day human health and health problems. L. Sports talks about games. (ball games, Olympic games, SEA games, etc. ) M. Education contains the trend n the world of education. (students Achievement, schools, etc. ) N. Weather contains the weather for the day O. Obituaries contains people who passed away and their death should be mentioned to the community, p. Classified Ads ? contains open jobs and job description plus job requirements. Other parts include: Cover Page Story, Table of Contents, Editors pool, Entertainment, etc. Commentary is a series of giving explanations and interpretations Guidelines in Writing a Commentary: There is no recipe for doing commentaries The elements that make up a successful commentary tend to vary and will depend on the nature of the text and on particular approaches to it. Nor is there a single right answer to any passage for commentary. A good commentary may well consist of a number of pertinent questions raised by the passage. However, certain tendencies should be avoided: 1. A commentary should not be pr ©CICS of the passage. Summary and description are not commentary. 2. A commentary should not dwell on the context of the passage and should in general avoid venturing into other parts of the work from which the extract is taken. IT should likewise avoid excursions into the wider oeuvre of the author 3. It is not necessary to write out quotations from the passage this can waste valuable time. The following points should be considered: 1. A commentary benefits by paying close attention to the use of language. 2. 2. IT is important to pay attention to the means of representation and to address not only the quest of WHAT is said but of HOW it is said. 3. There is no need to ascribe to the text a definitive meaning or structure. It is fine to problematic the text. Critique is a method of disciplined systematic analysis of a written or oral discourse, Critique is commonly understood as fault finding and negative judgment, but can also involve merit recognition, and in the philosophical tradition. It also means a methodical practice of doubt. The contemporary sense of critique has been largely influenced by the enlightenment critique of prejudice and authority, Which championed the emancipation and autonomy from religion and political authorities. Critique is an accepted format of written or oral debate. Stating a Purpose: k It is important to state your purpose clearly at the beginning of your talk. Here are some ways to do this: * *talk about to speak about a subject Example: Id like to talk about our plans for the new site. * *report on to tell you about what has been dine. * Example: Ill be reporting on the progress we have made since last meeting. *take a look at examine * Example: First, lets take a lo at what we have achieved so far. * *tell you about to give someone information or instruction. Example: Our reporters will tell you about what is happening in Visas. *show to explain something y doing * Example: The object of the orientation is to show you how to put the theory into practice. Outline- to give the main facts or information * Example: Give me an outline of the new policy. K Fill you in on to give extra or missing information k Example: will till you in on the details you just missed during the meeting, * *Give an overview of to give a short description with general information but with no details. *highlight draw attention to or emphasize important facts. * *discuss ? to talk about ideas or opinions on subject in more detail

Persuasive Outline teen pregnancy Essay Example

Persuasive Outline teen pregnancy Paper By supporting the teaching of real life situations from sexual choices and education regarding pregnancy prevention, more teenagers will have access to appropriate information to make informed choices. Ill. A. Teenage pregnancy is a problem for all involved. It puts a great strain on not only the young mother, but also on her parents who, more often than not, end up with the new baby in their family home, often having to look after it while the babys parents are at school if they go back or try to work to support the new child. As well as the strain on basic tax payers who fund State Assistance funds that several young parents end up on. B. Teen pregnancies in todays society have become a growing issue and have been brought to the limelight with media attention so it is important to teach our ids the reality of their choices by providing education and real life information regarding their choices. Showing the teens what life is like after the baby is born in real life as opposed to what they imagine and see on TV would create an impact. C. When we have more comprehensive education available to the teenagers, they will be able to see what consequences their choices would have on not only their futures but can see how their choices would impact all of those around them. With the right information given to them they will be able to make more informed decisions which will let them eave better careers, and society will benefit as a whole. Body I. Teenage pregnancy is a problem for all involved. It puts a great strain on it while the babys parents are at school if they go back or try to work to State Assistance funds that several young parents end up on. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Outline teen pregnancy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Outline teen pregnancy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Outline teen pregnancy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A. Although rates here are declining, the U. S. Has the highest rates of teen pregnancy, birth, and abortion in the industrialized world. In fact, the LLC. S. Teen pregnancy and birth rates are nearly double Canadas, at least four times those of France and Germany, and more than eight times that of Japan. 5) 1. A new study by the Stomacher Institute states that a leading reproductive health research and advocacy group estimates that unintended pregnancies cost U. S. Taxpayers an estimated $1 1. 1 billion dollars a year. Nearly two-thirds of unintended pregnancies roughly a million births are publicly funded by Medicaid and other government programs. (6) B. Out of high school drop outs, pregnant teens are the most likely to do so. Because of this, young teen mothers are more likely to encounter financial struggles and economic insecurity as they try to raise their child. According to a recent study, many pregnant teens and teen mothers report they would have stayed in school if they had received greater support from the adults at the school. 7) 1. It is listed that 70% of all the students that drop out early due so due to teen pregnancy. And currently only of teens that are pregnant finish school and do not drop out. II. Teen pregnancies in todays society have become a growing issue and have been brought to the limelight with media attention so it is important to teach our kids the reality of their choices by providing education and real life information regarding their choice. Showing the teens what life is like after would create an impact. A. According to a study in 2008 there is increasing evidence that youth exposure to sexual content on television shapes sexual attitudes and behavior in a manner that may influence reproductive health outcomes (1) 1 Today it is hard to find a person who hasnt seen or at least heard of the TV shows, 16 and Pregnant or Teen Mom, which puts a positive spin on teen pregnancy, but what the teens that are obsessed with these shows dont think about is not every situation has the same outcome as in hose shows. . Adolescents who are exposed to more sexual content in the media, and who perceive greater support from the media for teen sexual behavior, report greater intentions to engage in sexual intercourse and more sexual activity. Mass media are an important context for adolescents sexual colonization, and media influences should be considered in research and interventions with early adolescents to reduce sexual activity. (2) II. When we have more comprehensive education available to the teenagers, they will be able to see what consequences their choices would have on not only their futures but can see how their choices would impact all of those around them. With the right information given to them they will be able to make more informed decisions which will let them have better careers, and society will benefit as a whole. A. Abstinence only sexual education programs are not effective in preventing teenage pregnancy. In fact there is not any proof that it is any kind of deterrent for any sexual activity. There are several theories that when Youth are told not to do something it pushes them into doing it faster. B. Evaluations of comprehensive sex education programs show that these programs can help youth delay onset of sexual activity, reduce the frequency of sexual activity, reduce number of sexual partners, and increase condom and contraceptive use. Importantly, the evidence shows youth who receive comprehensive sex education are NOT more likely to become sexually active, increase sexual activity, or experience negative sexual health outcomes Conclusion not only the young mother, but also On her parents who, more Often than it while the babys parents are at school if they go back or while they try to org to support the new child. As well as the strain on basic tax payers who fund State Assistance funds that several young parents end up on. B. Teen pregnancies in todays society have become a growing issue and have WOOL_SLD create an impact. C. When we have more comprehensive education available to the teenagers, II. I know that I am asking you to think about a topic that for a lot of people is a Taboo subject and there are some of you out there that dont see any problems at all with the way things are now. Just imagine that it is your child,

The History Of Alcatraz essays

The History Of Alcatraz essays Although Alcatraz sits in the middle of San Francisco Bay, only a little over a mile from the city, the island seemed as distant as if it were a thousand miles out to sea. The island seems uninviting and because of its unappeal, it played an important role in the history of California. The island had a number of uses. Alcatraz was the site of a powerful fortress, a military prison and a federal prison. The island is surrounded by treacherous cross currents and five-knot tides with a deadly undertow. The water temperature around Alcatraz averages fifty-four degrees which is frigid enough to induce hypothermia. In addition to the freezing temperature, there are occasional sharks and whirlpools strong enough to drown a man. Although not appealing to a vacationer, the geography of the area was perfect for a prison as it made escape nearly impossible (Redden, 165). The California gold rush spurred the building of a lighthouse on the island. Wealth from gold increased San Franciscos ship traffic and population and a guiding light was needed to take the ships safely through the bay. In 1850, the military used the island as a defense. Places for cannons and gun placements were carved out of the land slopes. More than four hundred soldiers were stationed on the island, guarding it from outside attack. The militarys Rodman cannon could shoot fifteen inch, 440 pound cannonballs as far as three miles. The military moved off the island when the defense system became outdated (Golden Gate National Park Association, Discover Alcatraz, 2). During the Civil War, soldiers convicted of desertion, theft, rape, murder and treason were imprisoned on the island. During the Spanish War of 1898 military convicts were housed there. Later, groups of Native American activists occupied the island on three different occasions. Their stays ranged from four hours to nineteen months. The Native Americans claimed the island for the Indians...

Is individual performance the key to organisational performance Essay

Is individual performance the key to organisational performance Critically discuss with reference to different approaches to HRM - Essay Example Personnel management is another variation of human resource management, but the former is a modification of HRM practices during the 1980s in order to address the growing need to develop people in the business organisation (Armstrong, 2000, p.579). Barney (1991 cited in Armstrong, 2000, p.579) writes that the main goal of developing the potential of every organisational member is to become competitive compared to business rivals, which do not â€Å"develop† the competitiveness of their people. Kamoche (1996 cited in Armstrong, 2000, p.579) also states that developing human resources will â€Å"improve resource capability† necessary to complement the resources of the company with the opportunities available for every employee. This essay discusses the importance of individual performance in achieving organisational performance based on the different approaches to HRM. While Armstrong (2000) believes that developing people inside the organisation is a necessary component, Heinen and O’Neill (2004, p.68) state that â€Å"talent management† is an important business strategy. Talent management is an invention of recent business history because previously, only executives are given focus in the development strategy of any business organisation. Talent management now involves focusing on five basic strategies mentioned by Heinen and O’Neill (2004, p.68). It involves â€Å"attracting, integrating, developing, motivating, and retaining† employees (Heinen & O’Neill, 2004, p.68). This strategy aims to correct previous strategy mistakes in history, which merely focused on developing business design and not the people working in the company. As the phrase suggest, talent strategy involves a holistic approach from identifying to retaining people in the company. In managing talent, processes are involved from â€Å"recruiting, selection, onboarding, mentoring, performance management, career development, leadership development, succession planning, career

Long Term Care Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Long Term Care Insurance - Essay Example There are many reasons why retirees have suddenly started to consider the worth of long term care insurance policies. The main reason is however the dramatic increase in the insurance premiums. Buying insurance policies for long term care is basically gambling where risks, cost, and benefits can be calculated. These policies are not like the other insurances where the costs and risks are low but benefits are high; such as fire insurance. The insurance policymakers use tactics to sell their insurance policies by touting scary advertisements about probabilities of seniors spending life in nursing homes. Where the insurance premiums are too high, the benefits are comparatively lower. With insurance premiums of about $2500 annually, 60 year olds and other Americans do not purchase the insurance.The second main reason is due to several misconceptions that Americans have about long term care and insurance policies. The lack of awareness programs have led to many misconceptions which were h ighlighted during several surveys that took place recently on why Americans won’t buy long term care insurance. The biggest misconception that people had was that Medicare is going to cover their long term care. The truth is it does not due to the current system of long term care, the benefits provided by Medicare and Medicaid has reduced. Many Americans also believe that they are too young to buy long term care insurance while others also believe that long term care is already included in their health insurance policy.

News release Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News release - Assignment Example The company CEO, Brian Cornell says that the company will seek to redeem its reputation as a leading online shopping outlet in the country. However, the business of online shopping continues to experience security challenges due to increasing sophistication of data theft technologies. The CEO states that the company will invest in data security systems to detect any fraudulent activities in order to implement the new strategies. Cornell asserts that the business of the company remains stable despite the attacks. The corporation is taking bold actions to ensure data security. The measures include constant monitoring of possible fraudulent activities, advising customers to create stronger passwords and also to report such criminal attempts to the relevant authorities for further investigations. â€Å"Despite the security breaches last year, the company has recorded an increase in digital sales. This means that our loyal customers have more trust in the company and believe that their data is safe with us. We will maintain our commitment towards offering our customers quality services. We will also deploy other value-addition strategies to give customers more value for their money. For example, the company will expand its free shipping to customers during the festive season to increase their trust in the company. We will also continue seeking other sustainable ways of increasing customer satisfaction,† says Cornell. In 2013, the company experienced a major data breach that exposed the customers’ details. The data bleach targeted credit and debit card details of the customers. The company considers the act as criminal and aimed at reducing the trust in the company. The CEO explains that the company’s digital sales depend on products offered by the company and how it rewards its loyal customers. The company will increase the products to 35000 to give the customers a wider

Cultural Heritage Tourism In India Tourism Essay

Cultural Heritage Tourism In India Tourism Essay Heritage is property of the world. It has important evidences of past incidents and changes and it is the necessity to conserve without political involvement and racial discrimination (UNESCO, 2004). So far Graham et al. (2000, p40) suggested Heritage is tremendously concerned in the construction and legitimating of collective constructs of uniqueness, such as group, gender, religion, civilization and nationalism. When we talk about the relation of heritage into tourism industry, at first, holy cities such as Rome are acknowledged as a highly multifunctional and even multi heritage place, as a result, the heritage attractions positively become the feature of Italy for tourist. To manifest the implication of heritage is consequently the key point of managing a heritage sites. As cultural heritage tourism is mostly dependant on the history, the events of the past has abundant evidence that how the past travels had been changing the entire pages of each century and affected our past life. Much of it is also passed on form age to age occasionally in the form in which it actually happened but more often as myth or fable. In whichever form it is of prime importance to a tourism professional, particularly in the circumstances such as the one obtaining in India with wealthy cultural heritage having continuity from the ancient (IGNOU, 2002). The process of finding will continue into the future because nobody can predict the number of real stories that have been buried in the earth and still not found. But somehow scholars have been able to find the real incidents of past with the help of evidences of literature which are still present all over the world as well as the role of scientists and researchers. Archaeology department of each country is encouraging the re searchers to find out about our past. These particular reasons have encouraged in selection of the dissertation topic, so at first this will focus on past history and development of Ajanta and Ellora caves and then it will look at the past record of tourist information and the with the help of available secondary data from Books, Journal articles, news papers past surveys and the information available on the internet, respective governments intergovernmental organization and non government agencies such as UNESCO, ICOMOS, IUCN, GHF, etc. Introduction Cultural heritage conservation is always a centre of discussion in the form of developing economy of various nations. Cultural heritage tourism product is becoming a prime source for developed and developing countries though it is a subsidized product of tourism. The reason of subsidizing may be underpinning of heritage tourism is attractions. Huge number of examples currently in practice throughout the world of natural and cultural heritage sites that are of internationally approved and many more thousands of local notoriety. All of these play an important role in the supply of tourism although they may draw different market segment e.g. international tourist and local recreational users. The present expansion of the Asias tourism market has many challenges, one of the main difficulties lie in understanding how cultural and religious heritage of Asians could be linked to the overall development of tourism. Asian countries which consider their religious, artistic, and general resources of heritage have unique features that has been attracting tourist around the world. The challenges of cultural and heritage base tourism created would require different choices about strategy, policies that are simultaneously both learning and teaching opportunities (United Nation, 2004). Countries like India where every tourist gets glimpses of diverse culture in his/her entire journey. India is primarily a cultural destination in international tourism. These are the features of India marketed as tourism product in international as well as domestic circuit. Domestic tourism competition already has begun in India from past decades as every state government has been developing their strategies with the help of international organization to improve the tourism. In result, due to sudden changes the competition can be seen among service providers as from hawkers to large scale stakeholders. In scenario market everyones mind has been diverting towards the heritage sites in India, thus it is creating trafficking of tourists as well as service providers. So it is affecting the quality of services and facilities. This shows a different picture of hospitality and tourism industry in India. Tourism industries are solely dependent on the visitors/ tourists who are the main drivers of this industry. Different demands and requirement of individuals is affecting on tourism industry. Also the issues and understanding of heritage tourism by different group of people as it may be visitors/tourists or local communities are different. To overcome from various aspects and issues which are related to heritage tourism require a better management system. Many cultural and natural heritage sites around the world are putting more focuses on issues regarding to visitors, maintenance and management of heritage site, analysis of monuments, flora and fauna, environment and lastly the sustainability. The tourist typology is boosting overall development of touristic market. The most important part of tourism is a cultural as well as natural heritage property. So it always remains prime attraction to most of the people to come and enjoy their holidays. This dissertation will focus on every aspect of cultural heritage tourism industry such as supply, demand, conservation and heritage visitors management, interpretation, authenticity and politics of cultural heritage site. The primary data can be retrieved with the help of some questionnaires to understand the real nature and find out what can be done more to achieve the overall development at Ajanta and Ellora Caves at Aurangabad. To understand the World cultural heritage site here the UNESCO has mentioned that it as a monuments, architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of exceptional universal importance from the point of view of history, art or science; sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which has excellent universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view (UNESCO, 2011). Here, In the Krakow Charter (2000), a monument is defined as a clearly determined entity, the bearer of values, which represent a support to memory. In it, memory recognises the aspects that are relevant to human performance and feelings, associated with the historic time-line (Vecco, M 2010). Apart from this many scholars considers that World Heritage Sites should not only be exemplary situations for the pursuit of research but also be closely identified with the creation and maintenance of different kinds of knowledge (Darvill, T., 2007). Tourists are always willing to learn new things as well as eager to exchange knowledge between each other. It is the fact to become aware about surroundings and changing of trends and practices in the world. Literature Review: Introduction: This chapter will investigate the perception of cultural heritage tourism and visitor management as well as development of tourism at site by reviewing several concerned literatures. The review will start with the overview of cultural heritage tourism including the concept of Culture, heritage, cultural heritage tourism and cave architecture from different World Heritage Sites to understand the their current scenario of cultural heritage tourism management. The review will be followed by the discussion on visitor impacts, their experience and management. Also it will focus on the intermediaries of cultural heritage tourism. Culture: Kalman, (2010) has given a simple definition of culture that, it is the way we live, it is the clothes which we wear, the food which we eat, the language which we speak, the stories which we tell and the ways we celebrate or express to each other; also it is a way we show our imagination by tradition which we have learnt from our ancestors. It includes arts, music, and literature. According to Pedersen, (2002) the culture has originated from group psychology behaviour, and the effect of surrounding environment, here is the example: since beginning all human being love to live in group it include people as well as animal, the effect of surroundings, interacting with other culture and regular exposure to outside groups incorporated new practices in to their way they live. Thus people have been moving away from their daily routine work and travel at various places to gain experience or exchange culture with each other. But currently it can see that influence of external culture is damag ing the traditional way of life. For example in the social cultural context women working outside the traditional family system can weaken interest in cultural traditions such as storytelling (Pedersen, 2002). Further from tourism point of view Singh (2004 in Imbal, 2010) explained that culture is creative artistic activities, goods and services produced by it, and the preservation of human heritage. According to this definition Imbal (2010) put a lime light as this it has brought attention not only indigenous or original culture of destinations to create value but also the impact on the economy and productive activities originate from or contributing to particular culture sector results in further value creating activities (Imbal, 2010). Cultural tourism: Cultural Tourism is the subset of tourism that is defined as travels concentrating toward experience the traditional and contemporary culture, arts, and special character of a place. This includes the performing, visual and literary arts, language, museums, heritage, crafts, architecture, design, film and broadcasting. The primary benefit of cultural tourism is economic impact. There are plenty of statistics that talk about the fact that travellers who participate in cultural activities spend more money and stay longer than leisure travellers. A good strategic planning of cultural heritage tourism shapes and defines a communitys image, in domestic as well as international tourism. According to McKercher and Du Cros, (2002) cultural tourism and cultural heritage management work as equivalent activities in most places with really little conversation between the two, also it shows common interest between the cultural and cultural heritage is such as the management, conservation, and preservation of the cultural and heritage properties. So the results of this many lost opportunities to provide value to visitor experiences even though managing rare and weak resources in a social context, environmentally and ethically responsible and in sustainable manner. They stated that occasionally this loss results in some unprincipled tourism operator who exploring the local culture and heritage assets for their own personal gains (McKercher and Du Cros, 2002). Hall and Zeppel (1990a:87 in Timothy and Boyd, 2003) stated that relation between cultural and heritage tourism is: Cultural heritage is experiential tourism based on being involved in and stimulated by the performing arts and festivals. Heritage tourism, whether in the form of visiting preferred landscapes, historic sites, buildings or monuments is also experiential tourism in the sense of seeking an encounter with nature or feeling part of the history of a place. Most researchers believe that heritage is linked to the past which symbolizes some sort of gift to be passed down to current as well as future generations, both in terms of cultural traditions and physical objects (Hardy, 1988 cited in Timothy and Boyd 2003). But in contrast many authors have pointed out that what elements of past a society need to maintain (Fladmark 1998; Graham et al., 2000; Hall and McArthur 1998 in Timothy and Boyd 2003). As there are many incidents all cannot link to the cultural aspects. This makes selective sort of heritage it assumes some aspect of value, that which is of personal value is labelled as personal or family heritage, whereas those values dictated by nations or communities become our heritage (Hall and McArthur 1998 cited in Timothy and Boyd 2003). Hall and Zappel (1990) observed differently that the connections between cultural and heritage tourism, stating that Cultural tourism is experiential tourism based on being involved in and stimulated by the performing arts, visual arts and festivals. Heritage tourism whether in the form of visiting preferred landscapes, historic sites, building or monuments, is also experiential tourism in the sense of seeking an encounter with nature or feeling part of the history of a place. However the most internationally accepted definition of heritage was defined by UNESCO that Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to the future generations (UNESCO 2008a, p.5). Timothy and Boyd (2003) define that heritage tourism as an immersion in the natural history human heritage, arts, philosophy and institutions of another region or country. According to them heritage can be divided into tangible immovable resources (e.g. national park, sanctuaries, monuments, buildings), tangible movable resources (e.g. objects in museums) and intangible resources including values, customs, ceremonies, lifestyles and experiences such as cultural events. The concept of intangible heritage; according to (Schmitt, 2008) safeguarding intangible heritage resource has derived from Government of Bolivia to protect the intellectual property rights of popular culture 1973; then in 1989, UNESCO put limelight on the safeguarding rights on traditional culture and Folklore. However this project started to collect CD about the culture and 90 objects were proclaimed as such masterpieces in three proclamations between 2001 and 2005. For example of the new UNESCO category of intangibl e heritage is the Kutiyattam Sanskrit Theatre in the southern Indian province of Kerala (Schmitt, 2008). Cultural heritage tourism a different market segment: To recognize in minutiae cultural heritage tourism market segment which is associated with visits to historical sites, monuments, and artistic scientific or heritage attraction? WTO has mentioned two definition of cultural heritage tourism in narrow sense it include movement of person for essentially cultural motivations such as study tours, performing art, and pilgrimages. In broader manner it is defined as all movements of persons, because of satisfy the human need for diversity, tending to raise the cultural level of the individual and giving rise to new knowledge experience and encounters. Since cultural is prejudiced definition of cultural tends to the extensive as well as narrow, depending on the practical uses in the field (Pedersen, 2002). The importance of Heritage The importance of heritage is highly depending on their value and attitude as type of heritage resources which significant to different communities, groups and individuals. Hall and McArthur (1993) have explained the importance of heritage tourism divided in to four as social, economical, scientifically and political (Hall and McArthur 1993a). In social significance, heritage refers to personal and collective identity people and society have which can lead to create a sense of belonging. The sense of belonging and social conscience is a driver to consider preservation in the first place. Social science such as anthropology and cultural studies involve artefact of heritage or cultural heritage as presenting folkloric traditions or dance. Apart from this historical monuments and natural heritage are creating more opportunities to the scientist and researchers to find out the method and types of material they used in making of sites. The archaeological department of each country try to preserve the wall paintings and sculpture at various world heritage sites (Hall and McArthur 1993a) according to them sites can provide the history lesson for not only students and visitor who related or have interest in the history but also local communities to know the importance of sites sometime lack of initiatives and interest shown by local people which affect on conservation of heritage properties. Under the social context Baig, A., (2011 in Times of India, 2011) points out that the importance of health and education only in local communities can helps to achieve possible sustainability of cultural heritage tourism. She has given example how the impact of massive tourism affects as Taj Mahal, Indias most iconic site, which is situated in Agra, but it is one of the most dismal destinations in the world. One side of the industry is ensure that the Taj Mahal is protected but another side shows the current status of city economy is in decline, and its people have paid an unwanted high price. Further Baig and Morgan, 2011 in Times of India, 2011, emphasis on the empowerment of local communities can help to achieve inclusive development of heritage sites throughout the world (Times of India, 2011). In terms of economic importance, heritage is preserved because of its value for tourism and recreation. As being a large scale business, heritage tourism can generate incomes for the sites either from visitor spending or sponsorship from various stakeholders (Hall and McArthur 1993a). According to an article which was released in Times of India (2011) Sethi (2011) has mentioned that Heritage can become a serious economic driver for developing countries, if the country is able to get its act together. The global heritage fund organizations 2010 report says that developing countries like India can tap a $ 100 billion a year opportunity by 2025, if they make sincere attempt to preserve and responsibly develop their heritage sites. Further scientifically and educational importance of heritage attractions where both natural and cultural heritage sites such as national parks may have rare habitat and endangered species which will be useful for scientific researches. As research may consists of ecosystem dynamics, comparative ecology, surveys of fauna and flora, and the association of base ecological data, environment change and human impacts on the ecosystem of cultural and natural world heritage sites (Hall and McArthur 1993). In terms of political importance, Hall and McArthur (1993a, p. 9) state that the meaning and symbolism of heritage may serve political ends. As the conservation and understanding of certain heritage attractions may serve to emphasize on a particular version of history or to promote existing political values. Furthermore, the ownership of heritage and the institutional arrangement also have political implication as the rights and wishes of private owners may place conflict with government or public interests (Hall and McArthur 1993a; Timothy and Boyd 2003). Then, there is the question about political will. Jain, 2011 in Times of India, 2011 stated that culture is often considered a soft subject and that shows in the bundling of the portfolio with other ministries like youth or sports affairs. The governments schemes are often well-intentioned, but there is rarely any follow-through. For instance, under the public-private partnership adopt-a monument project a good idea for corporate to do their bit for conservation, but it fell through, because of red tape (Times of India, 2011). To understand the nature of the scheme Archaeological department of Scotland Adopt-a-Monument project based on providing volunteer groups with all the practical guidance and training they want to play a leading role in caring for their local archaeology. For example Scotland adopt-a monument scheme putting more focus on helping volunteers which includes children and young people to improve sites which they are really passionate about it. This practice will equip the volunteers with new skill in archaeological fieldwork and conservation and can get chance to access educational literature resources about the heritage. Which help to create awareness among local area and it effect to promote of heritage site, this way the respective government try to keep them active which helps to enjoy teamwork with practical result (Archaeology Scotland, 2011). Current tourist demand: According to (Pavlic, 2009) up gradation in the standard of living is become a main cause of rises in fluctuation of tourists spending, for example: the income generating from the modern tourism commodities. Modern tourists behaviour is the main factor in current tourism industry. As currently many of travel operations that could be from demand side or supply side are in boom because ease of accessing Information through internet and infrastructure developments. So the importance of information technology in the current industry is the main factor while considering the supply and demand of tourism industry it can be assumed that the personal needs of the modern tourism have more influence compare to old masses of tourism. The current tourism mostly depended on economic mass and production to consume mass, standardized and rigidly packaged holidays. The current tourists from a modern age are following the pace and direction of industry changes (Poon, 1993 in Pavlic, 2009). To find out the main factors and consequences of cultural heritage tourism demand changes. So firstly, need to identify types of tourist come under this category around the world. Religious heritage and pilgrimage: Sacred travel is commonly regarded as the oldest form of non economic travel (Jackowski and Smith, 1992 in Timothy and Boyd, 2003).The common travel trend has been travel from western to eastern Mediterranean region was religiously motivated before and during the Roman Empire era. This trend currently exists and in future as well within the devotees of worlds major religions (Timothy and Boyd, 2003). Further, Timothy and Boyd, 2003 explained that the historic sites associated with the development of a religion, and various points along spiritual routes and the pathways. Further, Shackley (2001 in Timothy and Boyd, 2003) made two basic groups according to their purpose of visits. As whose primary purpose is to gain religious experience and another one is who come to visit in large number and their prime motto is to visit an elements of the worlds religious cultural heritage so called secular tourist. This shows variation between the tourists motivation who visits heritage sites. Many tourist visit heritage sites with curiosity about historic sites not of their own faiths, for example non -tourists visiting Buddhist religious cultural heritage sites around the Asia may fit in to the secondary group of heritage tourist. To understand the concept behind this motivation of these cultural tourist many scholars fails to find out the differences between pilgrims and tourists but Smith (1992) proposed typology of the relationships and differences between the tourist and pilgrims. The Pilgrim- tourist continuum Source: Smith (1992 in Timothy and Boyd) From the figure______ she Smith explained that on one end of a spectrum are devout pilgrim, while at the other end are secular tourist, with some variations between the two located somewhere in the middle (Timothy and Boyd, 2003). From the heritage tourism viewpoint, pilgrimage is a type of tourism under the huge headline of religious tourism. Source: McKercher, B and Du Cros, H (2002) According to above figure _____ it is clear that there are mainly five kinds of tourists who come under the cultural and heritage tourism these are: Purposeful cultural tourist: who has purpose to visit to cultural tourist site and these are eager to learn about a destinations culture and heritage as well as who has high sense of history, education, religious and the culture from around the world. Sightseeing cultural tourist: cultural tourism is a key motive for visiting a specific destination however the experience is less deep. Serendipitous cultural tourist: the tourist who does not travel for specific cultural motives, but ultimately does have a deep cultural tourism experience. Casual cultural tourist: cultural tourism is a weak travel motivation and the resulting cultural experience is shallow. Incidental cultural tourist: who however visits cultural attraction with very little experience or by an incident and these cultural tourist who also not motivated to travel for cultural reason but due to unexpected visit to the cultural heritage site they get the deep experience about the cultural and heritage sites (McKercher et al., 2002). Further from supply point of view the requirement of different services and facilities provide by the stakeholders necessitate a different marketing approach to motivate cultural and heritage tourist. In general, supply means the tourism resources services of a region. Supply, has categorized as primary, secondary and tertiary elements (Jobson-Verbeke and Lievois, 1999 in Timothy and Boyd 2003). The primary elements involve the attractions such as cultural, sport and amusements facilities and their leisure setting ensuring physical characteristics and sociocultural features. After this secondary elements focuses on the service aspects which provide to the tourist as accommodation, food shopping and market. Further tertiary or additional elements are those which are relating to infrastructure development to connect the tourists sites and attractions. Currently, 21st century tourists behaviour is the most important factor which influencing the cultural heritage tourism market throughou t the world (Pavlic, 2009) such as transportation, providing information to the tourist form offices and information kiosks at sites as well as parking facilities at sites (Timothy and Boyd, 2003). Cultural heritage market: The Criteria for Selection According to UNESCO site must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria. These criteria are explained in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention which has explained below the convention table. The criteria are regularly revised by the Committee to reflect the evolution of the Wold Heritage concept itself. Until the end of 2004, World Heritage sites were selected on the basis of six cultural and four natural criteria. With the adoption of the revised Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, only one set of ten criteria exists (UNESCO, 2011) Source: UNESCO Selection criteria: To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; To be a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared; To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria); To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; To be outstanding examples representing major stages of earths history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; To be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important considerations. Since 1992 significant interactions between people and the natural environment have been recognized as cultural landscapes (UNESCO, 2011). Heritage visitor attractions classification: The classification of heritage attractions considers the commonly accepted definition or agreed typology included the three different perspectives were outside commentator or observer of the heritage product; the outside or inside protagonist of the tourism product, and the inside exponent of conservation (Leask and Yeoman, 1999) but in fact these typology were not supported to the manager to recognized the tools for an operations. Therefore Prentice (1993 in Leask and Yeoman 1999) considered the enormous variety of heritage visitor attractions is highlighted. The heterogeneity of present day heritage is mirrored in the heterogeneity of heritage attractions, as site, themes and areas promoted heritage as a product and utilization by tourist or visitor from home though it has broad sense as site, theme and area but he considers that attractions may not itself be attractive, and cites as example of field of sport and genocide monuments; so this could be used for an analysis of supply a nd demand patterns, the typology is of partial value in heritage visitor attraction management on the ground. Further Swarbrook (1995 in Leask and Yeoman) explained the difference between destination and attraction that Attractions are generally single units, individual sites or very small, easily delimited geographical areas based on a single key feature. Destinations are larger areas that include a number of individual attractions together with the support services required by tourist. Cultural heritage visitors attraction management: The cultural heritage tourism requires a careful understanding. Because of the quality issues which lie in the cultural heritage tourism. Managers should maintain a balance between a demand and supply. Typology of tourist has significant value in the management because every tourist is unique in nature. As mentioned above quality management has vital role to create an experience lasting value. Visitors perceptions about the quality is solely depend diverse range of factors, from site interest and the quality of services provided to the visitor experience (Vitterso et al., 2000) as what happens in his/ her entire visits rather than gaining a knowledge about the culture, getting facilities and services which normally available. Therefore Rouse (1998 in Leask and Yeomen, 1999) emphasis on the treatments by the service providers has a signific

Volleyball Essay -- essays research papers

Volleyball The sport of volleyball was created by a man named William G. Morgan of Holyoke, Massachusetts in 1895. Morgan was a physical education teacher at the YMCA and called it "mintonette". It was an indoor or outdoor pastime that had characteristics of both handball and tennis. The first rules were written down by Morgan himself. He wrote that the game called for a 6 foot 6 inch net and a court of 25x50 feet. A match composed of 9 innings and 3 serves for each team in each inning. In case of a serving error they got a second chance just like in tennis. If the ball it the net on a serve it was considered a foul and it caused a side out or a point was taken away. In 1896 after a demonstration at the YMCA in Springfield and the name "Mintonette" was replaced with the name "Volleyball". In 1900 the rules were modified and the height of the net went up to 7 feet 6 inches. Also a match length was set at 21 points. Also in 1900 Canada was the first foreign coun try to adopt the game of Volleyball. In 1906 the country of Cuba discovered volleyball thanks to Thanks to a North American army officer named Agusto York who took part in the second military intervention. In 1908 volleyball reached Japan. Hyozo Omori a graduate at Springfield college in the United States who was the first to demonstrate the rules of the game at the YMCA in Tokyo. In 1910 volleyball officially landed in China. Between 1912 and now many of the rules changed and changed again. In 1924 it was demonstrated at the Olympics in Paris under the show of American sports. In 1938 the Chzechs perfected blocking and was officially introduced to the rules. In 1942 William G. Morgan the creator of volleyball died at the age of 68. He felt no jealousy when the sport he created grew and developed. In 1945 the first volleyball postage stamp was released in Romania. In 1947 Egypt was the first Arab and African country to organize a national federation. In 1952 the first women's world championship was held in Moscow and won by the USSR. In 1960 the first World Championship for men was held outside of Europe in Brazil. In 1965 the first world cup was held in Poland and was won by the USSR. In 1973 t... ... the serving team, fails to pass through the crossing space, lands out or lands after a screen. The definition of an attack it is directing the ball toward the opponent except a serve or a block. The attack hit is completed after the ball crosses the plane of the net. An illegal service leads to a side-out and change of service. Things that lead up to this call would be a violation of the service order or messes up the toss twice. There are many restrictions to a back row player. They cannot attack and put a foot in front of the ten foot line while hitting but can land in the ten foot zone. The Refing staff usually consists of two line refs. An up Ref. And down Ref. are located at each ends of the net. Volleyball is truly one of the great All - American sports. It has grown and developed a lot since it was first made up and changes are still being made. Volleyball has not hit such a great national level as it has in other countries and is not a sports gold mine like the NBA or NFL but maybe, hopefully one day it will be just as or more popular. From 1895 to now from Mintonette to the Olympics, volleyball has improved and has been almost perfected.